3D biomaterial matrix to support long term, full thickness, immuno-competent human skin equivalents with nervous system components

3D biomaterial matrix to support long term, full thickness, immuno-competent human skin equivalents with nervous system components

  一种包含丝素蛋白-胶原复合系统的新基质,提供长期,稳定的培养并减少随着时间推移的收缩和降解。

Introduction

  当前的人类皮肤等效物(human skin equivalents, HSEs)在临床上有很多应用,包括创伤、烧伤、慢性创面和外科手术。另外,体外HSEs主要用于药物开发、体外诊断(毒理学、刺激等)、化妆品测试和创面愈合模型的研究和开发,作为动物试验的替代品。

  最先进的临床HSEs通常只包含1-2种细胞(角质形成细胞和成纤维细胞)在一个薄胶原片上。非标准的研究体系中在可调性上具有优势,因此能更复杂,很多组织模型包含皮肤中重要的细胞类型如黑色素细胞、内皮细胞、神经元和免疫细胞。目前还没有包含神经成分的皮下/免疫组成的HSE模型,而神经成分对许多复杂的皮肤功能和体内平衡至关重要。

  胶原基质(最常见的HSE体外生物材料)随着时间推移的收缩进一步限制了HSE组织的效用,通常会导致体外研究的时间相对较短。这种收缩基质也限制了HSE组织的生理相关性,因为更健壮的系统需要基质能够支持延长的实验时间、机械处理和连续操作,从而将不同的层组合成完全厚度的系统。

  皮肤外植体包含大量细胞类型,保持细胞外基质和组织三维结构,可以相对简单地获得。然而,病人的多样性、来源和捐献者健康的问题值得关注。而且,和共培养模型相似,这些外植体的神经和血管系统没有功能性,因此在样本可变性、可及性和组织相关活性下降都存在问题。

  为了增强皮肤中旁分泌信号的理解和改善当前模型的相关性,一些列关于神经系统和皮下层在皮肤中扮演角色的研究被开展。作者提出了一种改善生理相关性的策略,首先鉴定出一种合适的生物材料基质以支撑长期体外培养,随后添加免疫(脂肪组织残留巨噬细胞)和神经功能成分。

Fig. 1. Experimental timeline for the formation of the full thickness, immuno-competent human skin equivalent with nervous system components

  形成全厚度的、有神经系统成分的具有免疫功能的人体皮肤等效物的实验时间线。

  • 接种皮下层(一种由病人捐献的腹部抽脂术的抽脂浸泡的丝素蛋白海绵)(-21D)。
  • 创建真皮(一种接种真皮成纤维细胞的丝素蛋白-胶原蛋白凝胶(-14D),上面涂有角质形成细胞(-7D))。
  • 在开始日期(D0),将皮下层用含hiNSC的胶原蛋白凝胶包被,并将其置于真皮凝胶下方,并在整个培养过程中进行相互连接,直至42天(D42)。

Fig. 2. Mechanical behavior of silk-collagen gels

  • (A)随时间改变的直径证明了丝素蛋白-胶原蛋白真皮凝胶保持了初始直径的87.5%,然而培养42天的纯胶原蛋白凝胶收缩到初始直径的56.3%。
  • (B)培养6周的硬度计测量证明了Acellular C和Dermis C组有更高的硬度。Acellular SC和Dermis SC组的硬度更接近于皮肤外植体。
  • (C-D)培养6周的无侧限压缩分析。Hypodermis组有更高的刚度。当它与丝素蛋白-胶原蛋白真皮互相连接时刚度减少,接近于皮肤外植体。

杨氏模量是描述固体材料抵抗形变能力的物理量。

Fig. 3. Immunohistochemistry of HSEs for determination of neural and immune cells

  • (A-B)皮下层切片。
    • (A)皮下层中中显示出神经细胞(红色,绿色信号重叠)。CD68信号(黄色)很明显,表明巨噬细胞聚集在皮下层。
    • (B)皮下组织具有CD68信号,但是没有DiD-hiNSC或TUJ1阳性染色,表明皮下组织没有任何神经细胞。
  • (C)真皮HSE的横截面,表皮暴露在左上方。CD68信号远小于皮下层(AB)。

  #表示hiNSC数量较高的区域(红色和绿色通道);&表示免疫染色量较高的区域(黄色通道)。

TUJ1神经元标记物,具体而言是β-Tubulin。

DiD是一族亲脂性的荧光染料,可以用来染细胞膜和其它脂溶性生物结构。

CD68是目前常规应用最广泛的巨噬细胞标记物。

Fig. 4. Addition of the hypodermis to HSEs increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, with dynamic time and patient specific changes

  • (A)相关组的促炎性细胞因子阵列,以及患者来源(用于皮下层的脂肪抽吸物)证明,含皮下层组的细胞因子水平高于无皮下层的组(仅皮肤)。
  • (B)相关组的甘油分泌表明,皮下层组最初有较高的值,但在培养6周(42天)后被消耗掉,而皮肤+皮下层和皮肤+皮下层+神经组的甘油虽然较低,但随着时间的流逝而持续释放。
  • (C)随着时间的流逝,白介素6(IL-6)的分泌也出现了类似的趋势,其中含皮下层的组通常高于皮肤组,而皮肤的添加(皮肤+皮下层和皮肤+皮下层+神经组)降低了IL-6值。
  • (D) 皮下层中的巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(MCSF1)分泌高于含皮下层的组,而皮肤组最低,表明由于添加了皮下层的较复杂的模型可能具有免疫能力。

Fig. 5. Proteomic analysis via LC-MS/MS with respect to patient and sample group

  通过液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS / MS)对患者和样品组进行蛋白质组学分析。 LC-MS / MS对患者和样品组之间蛋白质的检测,显示在所有检测到的蛋白质的热图中,并且随着时间的推移,每个样品组中LC前10个检测到的蛋白质(条形图)。患者A在所有样本组之间总共检测到303种独特蛋白质,而患者B只有113种独特蛋白质。但是,在前10种蛋白质中,患者之间存在相似之处——转铁蛋白(TF)在所有样品中都很高,通常,这前10种蛋白质中的许多与炎症,细胞粘附,运动性和细胞外基质形成有关。

转铁蛋白(TF)

  是血浆中主要的含铁蛋白质,负责运载由消化管吸收的铁和由红细胞降解释放的铁。通常与炎症有关。

黏着斑蛋白/纽蛋白(VCL)

  是一种细胞骨架蛋白兼粘着斑组成蛋白,主要分布于细胞。

Table 1. Experimental nomenclature and descriptions.

A
Sample Group Cells added Description
Skin explant None Patient biopsy
Hypodermis None Silk-sponge with lipoaspirate
Skin Keratinocytes, fibroblasts Silk-collagen gel
Skin + Hypodermis Keratinocytes, fibroblasts Silk collagen gel (dermis), silk sponge with lipoaspirate (hypodermis)
Skin + Hypodermis + Nerve Keratinocytes, fibroblasts, hiNSCs Silk collagen gel (dermis), silk sponge with lipoaspirate (hypodermis) and hiNSCs
B
Sample Group Description
Skin explant Patient biopsy
Hypodermis Silk-sponge with lipoaspirate
Acellular C Collagen gel
Dermis C Collagen gel with fibroblasts
Acellular SC Silk-collagen gel
Dermis SC Silk-collagen gel with fibroblasts
Dermis SC + Hypodermis Silk-collagen gel with fibroblasts interfaced with hypodermis below

(A) Experimental groups and content description.

(B) Experimental groups for mechanical behavior analysis, on differences between silk-collagen and collagen-only gels.

Discussion

  • 丝素蛋白中的酪氨酸残基可通过HRP-过氧化氢反应形成二酪氨酸键,而不会形成有毒副产物,从而产生适用于各种组织基质的机械可调的生物相容性水凝胶。
  • I型胶原蛋白每3000个氨基酸中约有8个酪氨酸残基,并具有三螺旋结构,可由于蛋白水解活性而降解。因此未修饰的情况下,在培养中会很快收缩和分解。

  因此,胶原蛋白和丝素蛋白-HRP交联反应规避了这个问题。

Reference

Vidal S E L, Tamamoto K A, Nguyen H, et al. 3D biomaterial matrix to support long term, full thickness, immuno-competent human skin equivalents with nervous system components[J]. Biomaterials, 2019, 198: 194–203.

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